Category: Education

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It’s been awhile since I blogged, so I thought I’d take a moment to talk about couple interesting math problems that came up in a conversation I, @SuburbanLion, had on Twitter with @MathGuide, @RepublicOfMath, and @GMichaelGuy about a month ago. The topic of discussion was the role of rationalization problems in Algebra II and whether or not the current curriculum addresses the “conceptual core” of these problems.

A common example that one would see in an Algebra II course is:

  • Rationalize the denominator of $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$$

Or simply:

  • Rationalize $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$$

The expected answer for this problem can be obtained by multiplying the numerator and denominator both by $$\sqrt{2}$$ to get: $$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$$. Students might be assigned dozens of such problems in Algebra II. The question to be asking is “Why?”.

I suspect that the obvious answer is historical tradition. These math problems have been passed down from generation to generation as “standard Algebra II problems”, and even the new Core Standards includes “rewrite expressions using radicals and rational exponents” as an objective. Instead of treating these problems as a “means to an end”, these problems have become something of an end in themselves. Algebra II students learn to rationalize expressions because that’s what they’re going to be tested on. End of story.

The real reason for having these problems in Algebra II goes deeper than that. The Core Standards hits on this reason (at least partially) with one of the additional objectives: “Understand that rational expressions form a system analogous to the rational numbers, closed under addition, subtraction, and division by a nonzero rational expression.” While this objective is not specifically talking about radical expressions, the core concept is the same. More concisely, we might say that the important point of rationalizing radical expressions is to come to the conclusion that $$\mathbb{Q}+\mathbb{Q}\sqrt{p}$$ is a field.

Ironically, the 93 page Core Standards does not even mention the word “field” even though this is essentially the core concept that students are learning about. Students shouldn’t be rationalizing expressions just for the sake of rationalizing expressions, they should be exploring the intermediate steps between the field of rational numbers and the field of algebraic numbers. By the way, the phrase “algebraic number” doesn’t appear in the Core Standards either!

To make things interesting, G. Michael Guy presented a couple rationalization problems that are typically not included in Algebra II problem sets. These are actually really great examples of the potential complexity involved in rationalization problems.

Let’s warm up with the first one, which is significantly easier:

  • Rationalize $$\frac{1}{1+\sqrt[3]{2}}$$

This one has an elegantly simple solution using the sum of cubes factorization:

  • $$a^{3}+b^{3} = (a + b) \cdot (a^{2}-ab + {b^{2}})$$

Making the substitutions a = 1, b = $$\sqrt[3]{2}$$, we can take advantage of this product to rationalize the denominator:

  • $$\frac{1}{1+\sqrt[3]{2}}\cdot\frac{1-\sqrt[3]{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}^{2}}{1-\sqrt[3]{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}^{2}} = \frac{1-\sqrt[3]{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}^{2}}{1+\sqrt[3]{2}^{3}} = \frac{1-\sqrt[3]{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}^{2}}{3}$$

This solution is simple enough that this could almost pass for an Algebra II problem. Rationalization problems in Algebra II are something of a gimmick: the problems chosen are special cases designed to have an easy answer. The methods taught in the textbook will solve the given problems, but they don’t generalize well to the larger class of problems. The techniques used in Algebra II provide very little help in rationalizing an expression like $$\frac{1}{1+\sqrt[3]{5}+\sqrt[3]{3}^{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}}$$!

Before we attempt something like this, lets go back to $$\frac{1}{1+\sqrt[3]{2}}$$ and come up with a method that will generalize well. This is where easy problems come in handy as a test bed for discovering the broader patterns. The general case of rationalizing $$\frac{1}{x_{0}+x_{1}\sqrt[3]{2}+x_{2}\sqrt[3]{2}^{2}}$$ can be reasonably done by hand.

Rationalization of 1/(1+2^(1/3)) by hand

The method used here is not likely to be seen in a typical Algebra II classroom, as it relies on concepts from Linear Algebra which typically aren’t addressed until later. Seems a little backwards if you ask me. The trick here is to think of the product $$(x_{0}+x_{1}\sqrt[3]{2}+x_{2}\sqrt[3]{2}^{2})(y_{0}+y_{1}\sqrt[3]{2}+y_{2}\sqrt[3]{2}^{2})$$ as the product of a matrix and a vector:

  • $$M_{x}\cdot\overrightarrow{y} = [1, 0, 0]$$

Solving this equation is then simply a matter of multiplying both sides by $$M_{x}^{-1}$$. This method extends nicely to even harder problems, including $$\frac{1}{1+\sqrt[3]{5}+\sqrt[3]{3}^{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}}$$. Inverting a 27 by 27 matrix is not something I’d want to be doing by hand, so this is where computers come in handy. Here’s an algorithm for rationalizing $$\frac{1}{1+\sqrt[3]{5}+\sqrt[3]{3}^{2}+\sqrt[3]{2}}$$ in Sage. Compare this with Wolfram|Alpha’s result.

I’m a strong believer that computing should play a larger role in mathematics education than it is presently. Not only should the curriculum be addressing the fact that the algebraic numbers form a field, but also that all algebraic numbers are computable numbers. By shifting the focus of discussion from solving problems to finding an algorithm for solving those problems, we can reveal a better picture of the mathematics behind the problem. Simple problems worked out by hand play an important role in the process of designing an algorithm, but an ability to generalize the solution should be the larger goal. If the rationalization problems that students are completing by the dozens do not lead the student in the direction of a general solution, then those problems are not doing their job. Perhaps some “harder” problems are necessary to encourage that generalization.

For the record, “computable numbers” are not referenced once in the Core Standards. It’s hard to give students a 21st century education when the math curriculum is trapped in the early 1900s.

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Rheingold’s Model of Critical Thinking

Last night I sat in on a conversation with Howard Rheingold on Critical Thinking and have been perusing some of his many videos online.  I learned about the event through the #edchat community on Twitter and followed along on the accompanying #hrchat tag throughout the event. I wanted to take this opportunity to reflect on what I learned out of the experience.

I think Howard’s perspective on critical thinking is consicely summarized by what he describes as 21st Century Literacies. He defines “literacies” as a combination of skills and community.  While slightly different than the classical definition of “literacy”, which refers to a person’s ability to read and write, I think this is a powerful metaphor for the direction that education needs to take.  Borrowing the words of Lawerence Lessig, it moves the conversation about critical thinking from a “read only” culture to a “read-write” culture.  Indeed, I think this transition is very important and agree with Howard on the necessity of his five 21st Century Literacies:

#1: Attention

In order for any kind of learning to take place, the learner must focus to the knowledge to be acquired.  Indeed, if I not been paying attention to the discussion then I wouldn’t have anything to be writing about here!  One of the things I liked about Howard’s approach is that he doesn’t seem to view social networking as a plague on the classroom, but rather recognizes that there can be a balance in attention between focus on a single task and multi-tasking.  Those attending the discussion know that in addition to the audio discussion taking place, there was also a chat room overflowing with information and a tweeter feed.  Attention works two ways: information is “read” from various sources and a “write” process takes place where attention is re-focused as necessary.

#2: Participation

I think one of the key features of critical thinking is that it is an active process, not a passive one.  It’s not sufficient for me to simply watch and listen, but it is necessary for me to participate in the discussion.  If I were not to put my own thoughts forward in this post, I would be denied the experience of finding out how others react to what I might have to say. If I get something wrong here, I hope that someone out there will correct me!  The “read” process of participation is the act of reading or listening to information is essential, but the “write” process of producing new information is equally important.

#3: Cooperation

Like Howard, I value the importance of critical thinking in our culture.  By myself alone, I don’t have the authority to make the cultural changes necessary to make critical thinking permeate the society at large.  Cooperation makes it possible for like minded individuals to achieve more than any one could do on his/her own.  The important first step is to come in social contact with these individuals to foster collaboration.  This is essentially the “read” component of cooperation.  Had it not been for my exposure to Twitter, I would likely have never known about the powerful learning community that exists there.  The “write” component of cooperation is the collaboration of multiple individuals to produce rich content like the discussion I experienced yesterday.

#4: Critical Consumption (Crap Detection)

The literacy of critical consumption, or “crap detection”, seemed to be the major focal point of Howard’s talk.  This is certainly a valuable skill in the 21st century as there is a lot of “crap” out there on the Internet.  The focus of Howard’s Crap Detection 101″ is on determining the validity of Internet sources.  The #hrchat discussion opened with a barrage of “fake” resources.  The process of determining which sources are reliable and which ones are not is mostly a “read” process.  Looking up the information provider in a search engine or querying WHOIS for the domain holder are some of the ways to identify where the information is coming from.  There’s also a “write” component to critical consumption, and that is that the reliability of sources is also determined by a vetting process where other individuals vouch for the accuracy of a source.  As Howard notes, this vetting process for Internet sources is not quite as reliable as it was may have been for print sources.  The Internet does not contain a centralized review board that attempts to validify every webpage, blog and tweet.

#5: Network Awareness

Out of the 5 literacies, this is arguably the most vaguely defined.  Howard himself has suggested that this literacy may need a better name.  This notion of a “network” is a powerful concept in a variety of disciplines.  In mathematics, we have this notion of graphs which consist of multiple points connected by edges.  In computing, we have a notion of digital networks which are multiple computers connected by data tranmissions.  In sociology, we have social networks where multiple individuals are connected through communication.  In biology, we have neural networks which form the brain.  I think what Howard is getting at, is that in order for critical thinking to take place it is necessary to understand the context that learning is taking place in.  Learners in the 21st Century are connected through both digital and social networks, and understanding the architecture of those networks is necessary for actively participating in them.  I feel that the reason this is so important is that it is a foundation for metacognitition, the skill of critical thinkers to “think about thinking”.  However, this literacy also contains a community of connections and it’s the relation between ourselves and our connections that allows critical thinking to take place.  One of the points that Howard emphasizes is that, like the Internet, this learning network is decentralized.  There is no one single authority overseeing the entire network.

I’d like to propose an alternative term for this literacy and that is Swarm Intelligence.  Swarm Intelligence is much like the phenomena seen in ant colonies.  Each member of the swarm acts autonomously based on their own sensory information.  However, as large numbers of these individuals group together, the overall behavior of the swarm displays higher level behavior than any one individual.  Swarms are decentralized, self-organizing, intelligent agents.  Each agent “reads” information locally through senses and “writes” information locally by making decisions, but complex patterns emerge in the behavior of large numbers of these agents.  Swarm Intelligence allows for phenomena like “smart mobs” to take place.  I think the important point to be made about swarms is that the global behavior of the swarm can be changed radically by introducing “viral” changes in the behavior of individuals.  Knowing how changes in one’s local behavior will affect the global behavior of the community is an essential part of critical thinking.

Refining Rheingold’s Model

While I agree with the necessity of these 5 literacies, my main critique is that I feel there are 2 important literacies which are absent from this list.  In the discussion of Internet searches, Howard identifies two steps in the process of knowledge acquisition when using a search engine.  The first is to frame the question to come up with the search terms, and the second is to verify the legitimacy of the results.  My critique of this is that I feel this is only half the process of what I consider critical thinking to be.  In addition to searching for the answer and verifying the reputation of the discovered sources, I think that critical thinking also entails the process of making logical deductions from this information and scientifically testing the results.  I’d also argue that these processes are not just skills, but “literacies” in Howard’s definition of the term.

Proposed #6: Logical Reasoning

Much of Howard’s discussion focuses on how to distinguish between reliable and unreliable information.  However, I think that this underemphasizes the importants of making the correct logical deductions from that information which has determined to be reliable.  To draw an analogy, “Critical Consumption” is to the “soundness” of an argument as “Logical Reasoning” is to the “validity” of an argument.  This is more than just “Participation” in that there is a clear distinction between what is true and what is false.  The simple act of participation is sufficient in the creation of art and music, but in fields like mathematics and philosophy there is a need for creation to be strictly restrained within the rules the rules of the system.  Logical reasoning is a skill that is used by an individual, but there is also a need for these logical deductions to be verified by the community.  One can “write” a proof, but it doesn’t qualify as a proof until others “read” and verify it.  The importance of community involvement is evident in the history of mathematics and philosophy, but at the same time the truth of this information is independent of the author’s reputation.  It’s not true by an authority, but rather it is true because of the abstract nature of truth itself.

Proposed #7: Scientific Experimentation

The scientific method is arguably one of the most rigorous approaches to distinguishing truth from fiction.  To quote Steven Schafersman: “Critical thinking can be described as the scientific method applied by ordinary people to the ordinary world.”  I’ve chosen to label this literacy as “Scientific Experimentation”, to make a slight distinction between it and the “scientific method”.  The scientific method is a specific skill, whereas what I’m attempting to describe is the combination of this skill with a community of experts.  “Scientific Experimentation Literacy” is cycle of experimentation, evaluation, publication and review that produces new scientific knowledge.  I feel that understanding how this process works is a crucial part of critical thinking.  Many steps in the scientific method are covered by the previous literacies.  Observation requires both “Attention” and “Critical Consumption”.  Forming a hypothesis is an act of “Participation”.  Experimentation requires an understanding of “Network Awareness”, as the experimentor has a local influence on the phenomena being measured.  Data analysis requires an act of “Logical Reasoning”.  Peer review is an act of “Cooperation”.  Where I feel this literacy differs is in the act of forming conclusions.  While determining the legitimacy of sources is an important literacy, one is still ultimately taking the author’s word for it.  As the old addage goes: “A lie is a lie even if everyone believes it and the truth is the truth even if no one believes it”.  In contrast to logical arguments, scientific truth is not something abstract that can be known a priori.  The scientific experiment is the last line of defense for a critical thinker.  A well designed scientific experiment can prove even the most credible sources wrong.  Even the Standard Model of Physics is subject to revision, as we’re beginning to see in experiments conducted with high energy particle accelerators.  This is different than “Network Awareness”, or “Swarm Intelligence”, in that there is a centralized authority on the true information, which we call Nature.  The scientific experiement “reads” data from Nature, and “writes” conclusions which are then verified by independent reproduction in the community.

What’s the point of all these literacies?

One of the more vaguely answered questions in the #HRchat with Howard is how teachers should encourage critical thinking in the classroom. The general response was that critical thinking skills were implicit in everyday activities.  Tuesday’s #edchat topic was on how teachers can assess critical thinking in the classroom, which also seemed to remain an open question.  While some may insist that critical thinking is not something that can be taught or assessed, I think that identifying these “critical thinking literacies” may provide a scaffold for allowing teachers to better address these problems.  Each of these literacies does cover certain skills which teachers can provide guidance on and possibly measure results in.  However, as Howard points out, it’s the combination of these skills with learning communities that allows critical thinking to emerge.  By providing a combination of instruction in critical thinking skills with a community that supports the critical thinking process, maybe we as teachers can help a generation of critical thinkers to flourish.

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What follows below is the feedback I provided on the proposed Core Standards for Mathematics.  These represent my own opinions on the direction mathematics reform should take.  As far as I know, the changes I propose have not been sufficiently supported by research.  However, I hope I may provide a fresh perspective on the direction the mathematics curriculum should take to address some of the existing problems.

I’d like to start with some background about myself, to provide a context for this critique. I was an accelerated math student in high school and majored in Mathematics in college. These views are my subjective interpretations of the mathematics curriculum as I experienced it, and the areas of mathematics in college that I felt unprepared for. My objection to the proposed Core Standards is that I do not view them as reforming these areas where I felt unprepared. Instead, all the Core Standards seem to do is set in stone the same failing curriculum I experienced as a student.

Overall I feel that the Standards for Practice expressed on pages 4-5 are solid goals for mathematics education to strive for. However, my major critique of the Core Standards is that I do not think they are sufficient to meet these goals. Two of the Standards for Practice strike me as being unsupported by the proposed curriculum: (3) Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others and (5) Use appropriate tools strategically. The former requires a solid foundation in logic, set theory and critical thinking, while the latter requires an introduction to computation science. The standards that follow do little to reinforce these skills.

In order for students to construct and critique arguments, the students must first know the basic structure of an logical argument. How can students be expected to give valid arguments when the definitions of validity, soundness, completeness, and consistency are omitted from the mathematics standards? The only objective that seemed to actually address this was in the High School Algebra Standards: “Understand that to solve an equation algebraically, one makes logical deductions from the equality asserted by the equation”. I respect that this objective is included, but don’t think that the curriculum leading up to it adequately supports it. When I was first exposed to college level mathematics, the notation system of formal logic was used extensively by my professors. My education leading up to that point had not covered this notation, and it felt like I was learning a second language in addition to the mathematical concepts. The notions of formal logic are not complicated, but earlier exposure to these ideas would have made me more prepared for college mathematics.

In my opinion, the K-8 standards are too focused on number and computation. The objectives covered in the K-8 curriculum reflect a notion of numbers consistent with the view of mathematics in the early 1800s. In 1889, when Peano’s Axioms were introduced, the mathematical notion of a “natural number” changed. The “natural numbers” have been redefined in terms of set theory since the 1900s. Students need to have a concept of numbers that are consistent with the modern set theoretic constructions. The pen-and-paper computations covered in elementary school are valuable, but have in many instances been replaced by technology. It’s not enough for students to know how to perform addition, but the modern student needs to also know that the operation of addition is analogous with joining sets. In mathematics, number theory is built upon the foundation of set theory. Focusing on numbers before sets is illogical considering the hierarchy of mathematical knowledge.

Set theory is also based on logic, which is also missing in action. Several of the objectives mention making logical conclusions about problems, but where’s the logic? The mathematical definitions of “and”, “or”, “xor”, “not”, “nor”, “nand”, “implies”, “for every”, “there exists” and “proves” are absent from the standards. The relationship between the basic operations of logic and those of arithmetic needs to be thoroughly established. This is not only important from a mathematical standpoint, but it is essential to learning how computational technology works. The operations of arithmetic can be build from the basic building blocks of logic, and that is how computers manage to produce the calculations that they do. All students will work with technology in some manner or another, and developing an understanding of how that technology works will make them more effective users of technology.

The focus of the K-8 curriculum is to develop students’ understanding formal axiomatic systems. Mathematics should be presented in the form a game. The rules of the game determine patterns that are produced in the process. Too much of a focus on the outcomes underemphasizes the importance of the rules to begin with. Algebra, in particular, requires students to rewrite expressions using the properties of numbers. The failure of the curriculum is that students have no prior experience with substitution systems. The algebra student is essentially thrown into the game without knowing the rules. It’s no wonder that algebra presents such a challenge for mathematics eduction.

In the High School Standards, my main objection is to the separation between the general curriculum and the STEM curriculum. Most of the objectives labeled as STEM objectives, should be included in the general curriculum. STEM students need a more thorough picture of mathematics than that presented here. As an example, complex numbers are treated as a STEM only topic in the standards. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra depends on the field of complex numbers and all students should be exposed to this result. Students preparing for STEM need to go beyond complex numbers to constructions such as dual numbers and quaternions which would help prepare students to acquire a more general notion of Clifford algebras in college. These tools may seem obscure to traditional educators, but are essential tools to physicists and engineers. Quaternions have several useful properties that make them ideal for modeling rotations, and dual quaternions can be used to represent rigid transformations.

One of my pet peeves about high school mathematics is that the picture of physics presented there was radically different than the picture presented in college. As an example, consider the following algebra problem: “Joe and Sue live 10 miles apart. Joe heads towards Sue’s house at 5mph and Sue heads towards Joe’s house at 3mph. If they both leave at the same time, how long until they meet?” Questions like this are usually represented as linear equations, like “3x+5x=10”. However, this gives students the false impression that this is an accurate model of velocity in the real world. The fact of the matter is that this equation is only reasonable for small numbers. A change in the numbers included in this problem could invalidate the model. Consider the modified question, “Joe and Sue live 10 light-years apart. Joe heads towards Sue’s house at .8c and Sue heads towards Joe’s house at .9c. If they both leave at the same time, how long until they meet?” Under these figures, a linear model of time is no longer accurate. Time slows for Joe and Sue relative to a stationary observer, and the question of “how long until they meet” is more complicated than it appears on the surface. If they each start a stopwatch at the moment of departure, their clocks will have different readings when they meet. Students in a STEM course of study need to understand that velocity in space-time is fixed at the speed of light, and what we perceive as motion is a rotation of this space-time vector.

There are several other topics that I consider important for STEM students that go beyond the standards. The study of triangles in geometry needs to extend to ordered triangles, and the linear algebra needed to manipulate such triangles. The notion of “angle” as presented in the high school curriculum is insufficient. Students need to start thinking about angles as they relate to the dot product (inner product) of vectors. The trigonometric functions of sine and cosine need to be connected to complex exponents by way of Euler’s formula: “eix = cos x+i sin x”. The properties of logarithms also need to be explicitly covered in the curriculum. Covering these notions in the high school curriculum would make students better prepared for subsequent studies of calculus and geometry.

Some of these suggestions may seem like obscure areas of mathematics, but my argument is that they shouldn’t be. If the purpose of K-8 is to develop an understanding of what formal axiomatic systems are, then the focus of 9-12 should be on discovering the useful properties that result from the standardly accepted axioms. I once conducted a job interview where a mathematics student, like me, was applying for a software engineering position, also like me. My employer had brought me into the interview to determine whether or not the candidate was ready to apply his mathematically expertise to computer programming. During the interview, the candidate mentioned quaternions as one of his areas of interest. In the software developed at this company, orientations and rotations are routinely stored and manipulated as quaternions. When I asked how the candidate would use quaternions to compute a rotation, he was stumped. He also became extremely interested in the interview at that point and was eager to learn more about the technique. My question had revealed that the abstract mathematics he was familiar with had a real purpose behind it – a practical use within the field of computer science. It’s this kind of disconnection between abstract and applied applied mathematics that seems to be one of the major problems with mathematics education.

Abstraction plays a large role in mathematics and it’s usually the use of mathematics in other disciplines which connects it to students’ real world experiences. I was fortunate enough to have learned most of my mathematical knowledge in the context of computer science. Mathematics and computer science share a good deal of common ground. Furthermore, working with computers has become an essential skill for career-readiness in modern times. Learning how technology works adds to ones ability to effectively use that technology. When the Standards for Practice call for students to use computational tools proficiently, the lack of standards addressing how that technology works will hinder the obtainment of that goal. When students use computers or calculators to produce computations, they need to know that they are not working with “real numbers”. Not all real numbers are computable. Until the mathematics curriculum prepares students to tackle such notions, students will not be college or career ready.

One of the considerations for the Core Standards is that they address 21st century skills. Reading the mathematics standards, I do not think that this consideration has been met. The mathematics included in this curriculum is dated and fails to address the advances made in the past century. The Core Standards for math focus on applying known algorithms to problems with known solutions. A 21st century education needs to focus on creating and analyzing algorithms. Students not only need to know algorithms for solving mathematics problems, but need to be able to think critically about the efficiency of those algorithms. The Core Standards are a step in the wrong direction in this regard. All these standards will accomplish is that mathematics education will be catered to address the specific problems covered by the standards. Teachers will teach to the test and the critical thinking skills hinted at in the Standards for Practice will be lost in the assessment process.

I appreciate that these standards are chosen based on evidence from educational research. However, I think that the research supporting these standards is biased by the currently existing assessments. The evidence showing that American students are behind in math means there is still a gap between the standards in place and the skills students need to be college and career ready. A fixed set of national standards is not a viable solution to the problem. What the education system needs is a solid framework for an experimentation cycle in which standards are continually tested and revised to meet the changing needs of students.

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I picked up Mark Bauerlein’s The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future * or Don’t Trust Anyone Under 30 (DG) yesterday and have been up all night reading it. Not because I enjoyed it, but because it made me angry. I should have anticipated this, considering how I’m 27 and the sub-title of the book is “Don’t Trust Anyone Under 30”. I’m a part of the generation Bauerlein is talking about, and I consider this book a biased pseudo-scientific misrepresentation of myself and my peers.

It’s important to note that I probably represent a fringe case within the generation. I read regularly and tend towards non-fiction literature. The fact that I bought this book in the first place is evidence that I’m an outlier. I play several musical instruments, saxophone and guitar being my favorites. I taught myself how to program in high school and designed websites for local businesses. I started out as a Math Major in college, but eventually double majored in Mathematics and Psychology because I was fascinated with learning how the human mind works. After graduating, I pursued another love of mine, video games, and landed a job as a programmer at a game studio. After a few years, I decided that I wanted to make video games that fostered the development of critical thinking skills. I enrolled myself in graduate school and started teaching remedial math. I’m also a complete technophile, love the latest gadgets and gizmos, and can’t stand more than a day without being connected to the Net.

Bauerlein talks quite negatively of video games, and I don’t think this criticism is well founded. There’s a substantial amount of mathematics that can be found in video games. Gamer communities like the Elitist Jerks (http://elitistjerks.com) use spread sheets and simulation programs to mathematically optimize stats and equipment in World of Warcraft. These massively multiplayer online games are complex mathematical systems, complete with virtual economies and social interaction. “Casual” players might not experience the same depth of content, but the “hardcore” players participate in a substantial amount of meta-gaming and often reflexively analyze their performance to foster continued improvement. I think its unfair to devalue competitive video gaming as simply a leisure activity; I consider such play to be equally as intellectual as playing Chess or Go. I would also note the considerable amount of mathematics, science, and art involved in making the video game itself. From my personal experience, learning to play and create video games directly contributed to my interest in math, science and engineering. There are a myriad of video games that are trivial and superficial, but there are also games I would call “higher art” that challenged my perceptions about storytelling in an interactive medium. Bauerlein doesn’t even address the topic of video games as “higher art”. He treats the entire medium as if it were completely devoid of any social value altogether.

What kinds of media does Bauerlein suggest in video games’ place? A variety of gems including Harry Potter, Dante, Milton, A Christmas Carol, Rush Limbaugh, Fox News, and the Bible. Bauerlein tries to portray the problem as a cultural war, but these repeated references to religiously themed works also reveal an ideological difference. These were probably intended as generic books and news sources, but the choices used show a pattern of right-wing religious bias. The whole argument is framed like a dichotomy between the conservative-religious-elders and the liberal-secular-youth, as personified by technology. It appears like Bauerlein is more upset about students not reading his culturally biased list of literature than he is about the real faults of our nation’s education system.

These are bold claims, but there are good reasons to be skeptical of DG. The information is all second-hand, and no new research is presented. The data that is presented is not even organized into a coherent framework. It reads like series of disconnected statistics are piled on, one after the other, with no consistency in procedure. In themselves, they each sound like reasonable results. However, the data is mostly tangent to the central thesis about the role technology in producing these trends. It gradually turns into “proof by verbosity”, focusing largely on differences in cultural and ideological values which are not scientifically falsifiable hypotheses to begin with. The book repeatedly references “tradition” as an authority, as if the previous generation has some mysterious source of ancient wisdom. Science is conducted in the open. Clinging onto ideas out of tradition alone is not the way to foster progress.

There are a couple of points in particular that seem suspect. First, the inconsistency between falling rates of factual recall and increasing averages on IQ tests. Memorization skill and Intelligence are two entirely separate constructs. The obvious explanation for this phenomena is that the collection of information worth memorizing has changed but general problem solving ability hasn’t. The largest drop in the included performance statistics seemed to take place after the turn of the millennium, which is also a bit suspicious given 2001 passage of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. It’s difficult to compare data from before and after a major legislative change which mandates changes in how student performance is assessed and how teachers teach. There is not enough data here to rule out the interaction of other changes in the educational process as an alternative explanation. In a scientific study, the data should speak for itself. The data presented in DG shows that there is significant need for improvement in education, but it’s not enough to indict technology as the singular cause of the problem.

Another point worth making is that DG suffers from a combination of selection and actor-observer biases. In defending Generation M, I’m partially guilty of this myself. I’m an intellectual person and tend to associate with like-minded people. Thus, I have a tendency to generalize the behaviors my peer group appears to the generation as a whole. I think Brauerlein is guilty of this also. He probably tends to associate with the intellectual types and may therefore incorrectly generalizes this intellectualism to his generation as a whole. The second fallacy here, is that there is also a tendency to attribute observed behaviors to personality traits instead of the situation. As Brauerlein acknowledges, it’s not unusual for teens to go through a rebellious phase, and the technology usage might just be an expression of this. Consider another option: What if Gen M-ers are being honest when they say the information they’re being taught isn’t relevant to their lives? Certainly these questions merit additional consideration.

This is a commercial product, which is intended to sell copies, rather than a peer-reviewed study in a scientific journal. The reviews on book cover are all from popular media sources rather than the scientific community. Some of Bauerlein’s statistics are certainly interesting, but I don’t think they demonstrate anything close to a causal relationship between technology usage and intelligence. He doesn’t bother to define “intelligence” and tends to use it interchangeably with “knowledge”. I would have also liked to see an effort to normalize the data and plot it over time in comparison to technology usage rates. He cites plenty of sources showing a deficiency in these skills, but there are still too many external factors to point to technology as the source of the problem. The fact that learners process web information differently than print materials just shows that the two mediums need different approaches.

The language of the book is highly emotionally charged and features numerous stereotypical persuasive devices. It identifies a common enemy for the readers to rally against, uses cultural references to which older readers would relate closely, and tries to make the readers feel like a part of something larger than themselves. Even the choice of title and cover art seems like it was designed to trigger an emotional response rather than promote rational intelligent discourse. I found it particularly interesting how Bauerlein tries to present jazz as a higher art form in opposition to modern rap and rock. The irony is that jazz was all about “breaking the rules”, reversing the established chord progression, and eventually laid the foundation for the modern music which Bauerlein seems to despise so thoroughly.

During my undergraduate study, there were times where I found myself relearning subjects from new perspectives. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem completely changed how I thought about mathematics and computing. The theorem states that any fixed formal axiomatic system will have statements that are neither provable or disprovable in that system. Math ceased being about prescribed procedures and memorization and turned into an exploration of how different sets of hypothetical rules might behave. It stopped being about blindly following the rules and instead tolerated the bending or even breaking of them. Part of me wished math could had been that way from the beginning. I wanted to provide the “past me” with a variety of different sets of rules and allow me to explore how they work in a controlled environment. That’s precisely why I think Games have such potential as a educational medium. They don’t need to be Video Games. Board, Card, Dice and Pen & Paper Games have very beautiful and complex mathematical structures lurking just below the surface of the rules.

My active rejection of the traditional values is different from a passive indifference as implied by DG. I might be a statistical anomaly in this cohort, but I don’t think I’m alone. Brauerlein might reject the notion that the problem is in the situation and not the students, but my experiences showed me that many things presented as “facts” in middle/high school were quickly replaced by better models in college. Newtonian Physics became M-theory, Math became Meta-Math, and Technology Use evolved into Software Engineering. DG suggests that the curriculum is not “hard” enough, so maybe we just need to stop diluting the truth? I wish I had Logic and Set Theory as topics in grade school. I want “past me” to be allowed the opportunity to build a solid foundation for the “real” math I’ll encounter in the “real” world. I don’t want to “learn the wrong way now, learn the right way in college”. Why should I trust an authority figure that routinely hides the truth from me because “its too hard”?